Microsecond kinetics in model single- and double-stranded amylose polymers†

Amylose, a component of starch with increasing biotechnological significance, is a linear glucose polysaccharide that self-organizes into singleand double-helical assemblies. Starch granule packing, gelation and inclusion-complex formation result from finely balanced macromolecular kinetics that have eluded precise experimental quantification. Here, graphics processing unit (GPU) accelerated multi-microsecond aqueous simulations are employed to explore conformational kinetics in model singleand double-stranded amylose. The all-atom dynamics concur with prior X-ray and NMR data while surprising and previously overlooked microsecond helix–coil, glycosidic linkage and pyranose ring exchange are hypothesized. In a dodecasaccharide, single-helical collapse was correlated with linkages and rings transitioning from their expected syn and C1 chair conformers. The associated microsecond exchange rates were dependent on proximity to the termini and chain length (comparing hexaand trisaccharides), while kinetic features of dodecasaccharide linkage and ring flexing are proposed to be a good model for polymers. Similar length double-helices were stable on microsecond timescales but the parallel configuration was sturdier than the antiparallel equivalent. In both, tertiary organization restricted local chain dynamics, implying that simulations of single amylose strands cannot be extrapolated to dimers. Unbiased multi-microsecond simulations of amylose are proposed as a valuable route to probing macromolecular kinetics in water, assessing the impact of chemical modifications on helical stability and accelerating the development of new biotechnologies.